According to this research, neither the number nor the size of these adhesive areas are the most important parameters; the most crucial factor is how far they extend from the cell surface. White blood corpuscles and red blood cells infected with malaria are seen to use this spiky hedgehog-like structure for their adhesion strategy (Physical Review Letters, 28. September 2006).
Blood is the universal means with which different types of cells are transported in our bodies. Its movement is determined by hydrodynamic forces. The cells anchor themselves to the walls of the blood vessels in the target tissue with the aid of special adhesive molecules, which are also called receptors. In many cases these receptors are grouped in the cell surface in nanometer-sized patches. The adhesion process is based on the key and lock principle: as a rule, an adhesion molecule only bonds with specific partners. This guarantees that the cells are only brought to a halt where they are to fulfill their biological function.
These processes are of great relevance to medicine. For example, red blood corpuscles infected with malaria stick to blood vessel walls to escape destruction in the spleen and patrolling white blood corpuscles dock with the blood vessel walls in order to seek out foreign bodies in the adjacent tissue. These "wandering adhesive cells" also include stem cells, which move from the bone marrow to their target tissue, and cancer cells which metastasize in the body.
To understand these processes better, it is necessary to show and track the interplay of hydrodynamics and molecular adhesion patches in detail. To do this, scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam and at the University of Heidelberg have developed a computer model which systematically examines how the density, size and number of the receptor groups affect the adhesion. In millions of computer experiments, the researchers established how much these parameters influenced the time it took for an adhesive patch to find a partner on the target tissue while a flow of liquid was moving the cell in accordance with the laws of hydrodynamics. These calculations are very complex because they have to take into account hundreds of patches for each cell.
The initial simulations investigating the influence of flow speed on adhesion revealed that the faster the flow of the liquid, the faster the cells find their adhesion partners as the cell can scan a larger area. The researchers then varied the density of the patches and established that beyond a threshold value of a few hundred receptor areas per cell, there was no further acceleration of adhesion rate because from that point the effective radii of the patches overlap due to their thermal random movement. Similar results were seen with the size of the adhesive areas, which obviously plays a less significant part in effective adhesion.
However, changing the height at which the adhesive patches protrude above the cell membrane has surprising results: even small increases give rise to much faster adhesion. White blood corpuscles use this effect by covering themselves with hundreds of protrusions called microvilli, which stand about 350 nanometers above the cell surface - almost four per cent of the cell diametre. Red blood corpuscles infected with malaria also use this "hedgehog spine" strategy. They have "knobs" that are 20 nanometers high on their surface.
The scientists suspect that their simulations have helped them to discover a general biological design principle which also occurs in other hydrodynamic contexts - in bacteria, for example, which collect in medical devices through which liquids flow, such as catheters or dialysis equipment. In the future, the software they have developed will allow these situations to be examined more closely than ever before and is another step on the way to "computational" biology.
Citation: Christian Korn and Ulrich S. Schwarz, Efficiency of initiating cell adhesion in hydrodynamic flow, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 28. September 2006
Source: Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
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